The Contribution of Martin Luther King to US Affairs free essay sample

Introduction: 1. Before 1945, the Negro community was regarded as socially inferior within the United States. 2. While slavery had been abolished in 1863 under President Lincoln, segregation was commonplace, especially in the southern sates. 3. The Jim Crow laws were in place to maintain this segregation and in 1896, the Supreme Court ruled these laws constitutional. 4. However, the growing discontentment among the Negro community, helped by the new wave of liberalism spreading throughout the US in the late 1940s, meant that pressure for change was building. 5. In the late 1950s and 1960s the movement began gathering legs through the successful cases of black Americans such as Oliver Brown and James Meredith, both backed by the NAACP. 6. However, these individual victories needed to be consolidated into one movement, the Negro community needed to become united for any significant change to occur; one man who realised this was Martin Luther King. 7. By sticking to his christian ideals and his skills as an orator, King would become one of the most iconic figures in not only the African-American community, but in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on The Contribution of Martin Luther King to US Affairs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2) Background of King: 1. The upbringing of Martin Luther King had a profound effect on the nature of his approach to the oppression experienced by the Negro community. 2. Throughout his life, King was lauded for his condemnation of violence, a stance most likely forged during his time in the baptist ministry and though his studying of theology in Boston. 3. From an early age King was involved in the pursuit for racial equality and served on the executive committee of the Montgomery branch of the NAACP. 4. In 1954 King became pastor of the baptist church in Montgomery and in 1955 he was awarded his PhD in theology. 5. Martin Luther King was now a very well educated and respected member of society in Montgomery, giving him a platform to begin publicly discussing his ideals. 6. The well spoken and unblemished character of Martin Luther King would go on to become the unelected leader of the civil rights movement, beginning with his involvement in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. 3) The Montgomery Bus Boycott 1. King’s involvement in the Montgomery Bus Boycott was his first contribution to the civil rights movement and to US affairs. 2. In conjunction with the NAACP taking Rosa Parks’ case to the Supreme Court, a city-wide boycott of the bus services was planned, with King asked to lead. 3. The 26-year-old Martin Luther King was elected as head of Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) with the task of overseeing and maintaining the boycott. 4. King had to travel to many different states in order to fundraise the money to fund the temporary taxi alternatives being organised by the Transportation Committee. 5. King had to maintain his peaceful resistance for over a year, before the Supreme Court ruled the segregated seating on buses unconstitutional on the 20th of December 1956. 6. The MIA subsequently called off the boycott and King, along with other civil rights leaders, sat in the front seats of a bus on the 21st of December 1956. 7. King’s well-organised and peaceful boycott was one of the main contributing factors to the success of the Rosa Parks Trial and he gained national publicity, with Times Magazine christening him â€Å"the American Ghandi†. 4) Rise in Popularity and Involvement: 1. The Montgomery Bus Boycott launched King’s career and he soon had the necessary authority and power to drastically impact on US affairs. 2. King became head of the non-violent civil rights organisation the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957. 3. As leader SCLC, King organised and led marches in an attempt to achieve equal voting rights, labour rights and desegregation for the Negro community. 4. On the SCLC’s Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom in 1957, King addressed a national audience for the first time. 5. King had a set a clear precedent through the success of his peaceful protests and the Negro community obliged. 6. The non-violent Lunch Counter Protest in 1960 saw groups black students defying the whites only lunch counters in 54 cities across the Old South. 7. Similarly in 1961, the Freedom Riders tested the supposedly desegregated interstate buses, without the use of violence. 8. King had shown to the minorities of America that violence was not necessary to achieve change, a message adhered to by the Chicanos and Native Americans in the years to come. 5) Marches: 1. The campaigns and marches organised by Martin Luther King greatly impacted on US affairs. 2. In April 1963, the SCLC began a campaign against racial segregation and economic injustice in Birmingham, Alabama. 3. King organised intentionally contentious sit-ins and marches in occupied public spaces across Birmingham City. 4. King and the SCLC were also the driving forces behind the intense demonstrations in St. Augustine, Florida, in 1964. 5. The movement marched nightly through the city and suffering violent attacks from white supremacists, with hundreds of the marchers arrested and jailed. 6. Later that year in December 1964, King and the SCLC joined forces with the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in Selma, Alabama. 7. The march from Selma to Montgomery was in protest of the voting inequality in Alabama and 25,000 civil rights activists partook. 8. King used the contrast between white backlash and the peaceful protestors to get national and world media coverage, publicity that would ultimately force the US Government’s hand. 6) Speech – Washington: 1. Martin Luther King’s oratorical talents and speeches influenced public opinion and affairs in the United States. 2. On the 2nd of January 1965, a Martin Luther King speech defeated a local judge’s injunction banning the gathering of any people affiliated with the SCLC at Brown Chapel. 3. One of the single greatest factors in achieving minority equality in across America was Martin Luther King’s speech in Washington in 1963. 4. On the 28th of August, King delivered his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech to a rally of 250,000 peaceful protestors, which was also internationally televised. 5. The march, and especially Kings speech, helped put civil rights at the top of the liberal political agenda in the United States and facilitated passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 6. On February 6, 1964, King delivered another inaugural speech at the New School in New York called The American Race Crisis. 7. The now infamous speeches of Martin Luther King strengthened the cause internally and externally; maintaining the belief of the Negro community while achieving international sympathy and support for the cause. 7) Conclusion: 1. Today, Martin Luther King is regarded as one of the single greatest contributors to civil rights of all time and has his own federal holiday in the US. 2. Even before his death in 1968, King’s contribution was recognised with his awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 and American Liberties Medallion. 3. King has also been poshumerously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and the Congressional Gold Medal in 2004. 4. Martin Luther King’s speech in Washington was a major factor in the passing of the Civil Rights Act in 1964 under President Johnson. 5. The march from Selma to Montgomery also influenced public and political support of the Voting Rights Act, which was passed in 1965. 6. Martin Luther King had arguably impacted on US society and affairs more than any individual had in the history of the state.

Anion Chemistry Glossary Definition and Examples

Anion Chemistry Glossary Definition and Examples An anion is an  ionic species having a negative charge. The chemical species may be a single atom or a group of atoms. An anion is attracted to the anode in electrolysis. Anions are typically larger than cations (positively charged ions) because they have extra electrons around them. The word anion [an-ahy-uh  n]  was proposed by English polymath  Rev.  William  Whewell in 1834, from Greek anion thing going up, referring to the movement of anions during electrolysis. Physicist Michael Faraday was the first person to use the term anion in a publication. Anion Examples Free chloride in an  aqueous  table salt (NaCl) solution:  Cl-Singlet oxygen:  O-Superoxide: O2-Hydroxide ion: OH-Sulfate: SO42-Al(OH)4- Anion Notation When naming a chemical compound, the cation is given first, followed by the anion. For example, the compound sodium chloride is written NaCl, where Na is the cation and Cl- is the anion. The net electrical charge of an anion is denoted using a superscript after the chemical species symbol. For example, the phosphate ion PO43- has a charge of 3-. Since many elements display a range of valences, determining the anion and cation in a chemical formula isnt always clearcut. In general, the difference in electronegativity may be used to identify the cation and anion in a formula. The more electronegative species in a chemical bond is the anion.​  Look here for a table of common Anions.

Decorative Glow Stick Lanterns

Decorative Glow Stick Lanterns Got a glow stick? Use it to make a bright and colorful decorative lantern to use around your home. These colorful glow in the dark lanterns can be used anywhere and made by anyone! Lantern Materials glow sticksscissorsclear glass or plastic containers Make Glowing Lanterns Snap a glow stick to activate it.Snip the end off of the glow stick.Shake the contents of the glow stick into a decorative container to make a glow in the dark lantern. Tips and Safety Info Be sure your containers are dry. Water interferes with the chemical reaction that makes glow sticks glow.While glow sticks typically are labeled as non-toxic, they are not edible. Dont drink the liquid; do wash any glassware used in this project before using it with food.Usually, you break a glass tube inside a glow stick in order to activate it. You will shake the glass out with the liquid. Be careful of the glass so that you dont accidentally cut yourself.This can be a messy project! Its a good idea to shake out the glow stick liquid over some newspapers or a kitchen counter. The glow stick liquid can stain carpets, clothing, etc.

Exploring Research Designs and The Relationship to the Research Essay

Exploring Research Designs and The Relationship to the Research Question - Essay Example 3. Provide an example of the hypothesis for the study. 4. Write a 750-word paper including the research question and design, and explain why the research design is appropriate for the research question. 5. Identify the research design as correlational, quasi-experimental, or experimental, and defend your choice using a critical approach including cited references. 6. Provide an example of how you could change the research question to use a different research design. Topic: Exploring Research Designs and The Relationship to the Research Question Exploring relationship between research design and the research question By The present study aims to explore the linkage between the research design and the research question. While â€Å"research is the discovery of answers to questions through the application of scientific and systematic procedures†; the research question asks what the tentative relationship among variables might be, or it asks about the state of nature of some pheno menon (Keyton, 2006). On the other hand, a research design can be viewed as somewhat like a master plan. It stipulates the methods and procedures that are to be adopted for collecting and analysing the necessary information for the research (Zikmund & Babin, 2007). A different perspective of research design was presented by Zikumnd & Babin (2007) – that the research design is somewhat like a master plan, which specifies the methods and procedures to be adopted for collecting and analysing the required information. The research problem Considering these definitions, the present work proceeds to develop a research question for a quantitative study on the relationship between one dependent variable ‘wage’ and three independent variables - (1) educational attainment, (2) skill (professional qualification) and (3) ability (experience). A variable is an element that is specifically identified in the research hypotheses or questions, necessitating to be expressed as mor e than one value or in various categories (Keyton, 2006). It is common wisdom that education benefits the individual, the nation and the society as well in many ways. While, the individual is benefitted in the form of increase wages and consequently a better lifestyle; the nation is benefitted in terms of increased taxes. The society too is benefitted as researchers have observed that college graduates have shown to have lower smoking rates, more positive perception towards personal health, and healthier lifestyles than the less educated (Baum & Ma, 2007). Overall the society is benefitted in the form of more responsible citizens, which is believed to be due to educational achievement. Whereas, these benefits generally delineate the qualitative characteristics of the issue, there is a need to know how educational attainment, professional qualification and experience influence the wages earned by an individual. The research question The study is significant and desirable and therefor e, it is worthwhile to undertake a research on the subject. Accordingly, the purpose of the study was to explore the correlation between

Case Project Assignemnt Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case Project Assignemnt - Assignment Example In this case, Kaspersky Antivirus can prevent up to 99% of malware from affecting files or applications in a computer (Dennis Technology Labs, 2013). Despite the good functionality, Kaspersky Antivirus has some major weaknesses. For example, it reduces the performance of a computer once it is installed. The antivirus runs automatically when the computer is turned on. The antivirus software is designed in such a way that it monitors any changes on all installed programs in a computer. If the user opens any applications, the antivirus scans them before they can run. In the process, it compares the performance of the application from the time it was updated with its present state. Thus, the background scan significantly reduces the processing speed of the device (Dennis Technology Labs). In addition, Kaspersky Antivirus is unable to block certain content from the web (Dennis Technology Labs, 2013). Kaspersky Antivirus is also among the most expensive antimalware software. For example, in Amazon, one-year subscription for three computers costs $34.23. The cost is significantly high compared to BullGuard, which sells at $18.81. The Windows, ZoneAlarm Pro, and Comodo firewalls are some of the common firewalls available to individuals. They all filter outgoing traffics. Once they are integrated into the operating system, they monitor networks without the configurations of the user. They also have streamlined updating features (Khoeid & Redd, n.d.). The Windows firewall monitors incoming connection requests that initiate the computer to connect to outbound networks. Whenever an outbound network prompts UDP or TCP communication that the user has not initiated, the firewall blocks the connection automatically. Comodo firewall blocks unwanted connections or content from accessing a clean device in a similar way. It works by monitoring application signatures and comparing them with previous versions. If there are changes, Comodo firewall can detect

Health Care Careers Diagram and Summary Essay Example for Free

Health Care Careers Diagram and Summary Essay What is a Physical Therapist do? Each of us has an important role in health care field whether a Pharmacist, Technician, Lab Scientist, Therapist, Nurses, Doctors, and other health care professionals. They have one purpose to provide the best quality of care to the patients with compassionate and respect. They are guided by the rules and guidelines set up by the state and federal government to maintain proper standards and update the techniques concerning healthcare delivery. Career Description. Physical therapists sometimes referred to as PTs, help people who have injuries or illnesses improve their movement and manage their pain (Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2012). PT plays an important role in rehabilitation and gives treatment to the patients with chronic conditions or injuries. They diagnose the patients’ dysfunctional movements by watching them walk, stand, balance, coordination, strength, range of motion and many more. Physical therapists work as part of a healthcare team, overseeing the work of physical therapist assistants and aides and consulting with physicians and surgeons and other specialists (Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2012). They work in wellness-programs to encourage everyone for more active lifestyles. They also establish appropriate plan of care, depending on the patients condition whether it is a neurological case, orthopedic case, sports injury, pediatrics, geriatrics, sports, and others. Services Provided. Physical therapist services are wide range from acute care hospital, sub-acute care, skilled nursing facility, home health, and outpatient care. Their work varies with the type of patients they serve. Orthopedic/Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation is one of the services they provided, whereas they focus on all types of musculoskeletal conditions of the entire spine and extremities. Another one is Vestibular Rehabilitation, which is more on balance, dizziness, motion sensitivity, and vertigo rehab. Workforce roles within the services and products. The rehabilitation team is composed of a physical therapist, physical therapist assistant and rehabilitation aide. Usually physical therapist is the head of the team with at least a bachelors, doctorate, or masters’ degree in physical therapy. They do the initial evaluations and assessment of the patient upon admission. They also establish the care plan (long-term goals and short-term, as well as set up the treatment guidelines and parameters. The PTA’s job is to carry out the treatment following the plan care set by the therapist, unless the treatment requires a specialization by a PT for example, manual mobilization, myofascial release techniques, and many more. The rehab aide’s job is to help maintain the rehab facility or gym. They could also assist in treatments with direct supervision by PT. They could also help by doing aftercare after the PT or PTA works with the patient, or do desk jobs like scheduling patients, whereas no degree or license is required to work as a rehab aide. Impact of Physical therapist on the health care organizations. The therapist importance and influence on the health care system is very crucial, by doing therapy they help and guide the patients to return on their prior level of function and achieve their max potential. They also help prevent re-injury because of poor management of the healing process, by setting up the right exercises, depending on the patients level, stage of healing, and comorbidities that comes with the patient. Therapist also help by giving an alternative form of disease healing and pain management, for example a patient who has arthritic pain on B knees that has been dependent on strong pain medicine. Therapy can use physical agents and modalities, like heat, cold, ultrasound, and right amount of exercises to engage week muscles and promote improved mobility. Conclusion Health care providers have different roles in health care industry. Each of them has a special purpose on how to give a better treatment, care, and diagnosis to the patients. Through proper education and training, they will be able to provide what the patients needs. Health care professionals have one goal, which is to make the patient better and help them live a quality and healthy life. Appendix A: Figure 1 Diagram of Physical Therapist roles and functions in the health care community. Figure 1 describe as the role of MD, PT, PTA, and rehab aide with regard to patient care. First the referring MD makes the prescription for the patient to be admitted to physical therapy. The physical therapist checks the prescription initiate evaluation, assessment, and establish plan of care. The PT could proceed with the treatment himself or pass to the PTA. The PTA’s job is to initiate the treatment program following the goals and treatment parameters set up by the PT. Rehab aide assist the PT or PTA during treatment and helps with scheduling patient visits as well as monitor insurance coverage for the patient. References Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2012, April 6). What Physical Therapists Do. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/ooh/Healthcare/Physical-therapists.htm#tab-2 PT1. (2013). Physical Therapy One. Retrieved from http://www.physicaltherapyone.net/services

Literary Analysis of ?The Grandfather? by Gary Soto Essay -- essays re

â€Å"[Gary Soto’s] power comes from showing, from painting pictures that allow the reader to feel the wonder promise, and pain of everyday life† (Fabiano185). Gary Soto’s writing goes right to the center of the Chicano experience (Dunn 284). In â€Å"The Grandfather†, Gary Soto presents the feeling of what everyday life would be like when living in a Hispanic community. Soto is able to do this with a naturalistic writing style, writing in a simple style, and using his real life experiences as a basis. Naturalism is a writing style in which the writer takes a slice of life and makes it last forever. In â€Å"The Grandfather† Soto uses a naturalistic style of writing. In his writing Soto contemplates over everyday life such as marriage, parenthood, friendship, or making a living (Fields 284). In â€Å"The Grandfather†, Grandfather had â€Å"s settles in Fresno and works thirty years at Sun Maid Raisin†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to make a living (Soto 6). Soto writes about everyday events and he does not try to butter anything up. The critic Geoffrey Dunn states that Gary Soto recalls dad to day traumas, tragedies, and triumphs (283). This can be seen when Soto writes about how Grandfather waits his whole life for his favorite tree to give it’s fruit, and after twenty long years, it does (Soto 9). The tree finally giving fruit is Grandfather’s triumph. Soto’s naturalistic writing style is one of the elements that makes his stories so inciting. Cavazos 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soto also writes in a very simple style....

Brain Imaging

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a condition characterized by recurrent intrusive, often repugnant, and always anxiety-ridden thoughts and images and by sets of ritualized behaviors performed compulsively by the sufferer in an attempt to allay the anxiety. The compulsive behaviors typically provide little relief, however, and the sufferer remains relegated to an anxious and painful daily experience.Thus, the patient who drives over the same speed bump each morning may find it impossible to relieve oneself of the concern that one may have, on a particular morning, driven over a pedestrian instead, and one is compelled to circle the block in a ritualized fashion searching for a crushed body in the street. While the sufferer is able to acknowledge the perverse and senseless nature of the rituals, this insight alone fails to relieve the experience of helplessness (Pauls et al. , 1995).As has been true of most psychiatric disorders, traditional etiologic explanations have been based on psychoanalytic findings and constructs. Formulations of the illness based on cognitive processing models represent a more recent development. Still more recently, a significant reconceptualization of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology has followed the development of modern functional imaging technologies, and a biologically-oriented and brain-centered view of OCD has emerged in light of the substantial findings from the last decades.The most popular brain theory to date explains the pathogenesis of OCD as an imbalance in the action of a pair of interrelated neural circuits which, under normal circumstances, maintain one another in a state of functionally balanced tone. It may be parenthetically added that, to the extent these brain data are themselves understood, it has become possible to evaluate psychological theories of OCD in functional terms (Robinson et al. , 1991). The neurobiology of OCD has been a subject of research interest for several decades, with the disorder havi ng become increasingly formulated as a neuropsychiatric illness.Modern neuropsychiatric hypotheses have been guided by data having its origins in data derived from the direct study of OCD patients using newly developed non-invasive brain imaging techniques. Significant findings from this area of inquiry are summarized in the following pages. Background to OCD OCD symptomatology has been reported among patients with closed head trauma to the basal gangliar structures and among those with basal ganglia lesions demonstrable subsequent to carbon monoxide poisoning and to wasp sting (McKeon, 1984).Symptoms have additionally presented as a clinical feature both of striatal necrosis and frontal lobe lesion (Siebyl et al, 1989). Thus, the initial background of data around OCD has implicated the basal gangliar structures, particularly the striatum, and, to a lesser extent, the frontal lobe. Imaging studies of the living brain are generally divisible into two distinct categories, those repres enting morphologic or structural abnormality, on the one hand, and those representing disturbance of function at the cellular or metabolic levels, possibly with only very small or wholly undetectable changes in morphology, on the other.The distinction is important: while investigation at the level of structure and morphology will reveal atrophic change or gross pathology (eg. , tumor, trauma, etc. ,) investigation at the metabolic level provides a window directly into what has been termed, in traditional discourse, â€Å"functional mental illness. † That is, structures which have retained their morphologic integrity may nonetheless be shown to be functioning in metabolically hyperactive or hypoactive state relative to normal. In the interest of maintaining this important distinction, studies deriving from the two imaging modality groups are reviewed here separately.Structural brain imaging studies Luxenberg, Swedo, Flament et al. (1989) used quantitative Computed Tomography ( qCT) to analyze the morphologic volumes of various brain structures believed key in OCD. Clinical subjects with childhood-onset OCD were selected on the basis of active and unabated symptomatology of at least one year during their illness. While depressive symptomatology with onset after obsessional illness was not an exclusion criterion, none of the patients was depressed at the time of the qCT examination.The researchers found that mean caudate nucleus volume in the patients was significantly less than that of control subjects. No other significant brain abnormalities were found. Behar, Rapoport and Berg, et al (1984), report on the administration of CT scans and neuropsychological test measures to 16 adolescents with OCD and 16 matched controls. Patients were found to have significantly increased ventricular size (relative to whole-brain volume) and to show spatial-perceptual deficits on the Money Road Map Test of Directional Sense.The Money Map Test uses a simulated street map w ith a route indicated by a dotted line. The subject traverses the route and indicates a right or left turn at each choice point. Near the midpoint of the examination the subject is required to mentally rotate himself in order to reverse his own right-left reference. Patients with frontal lobe lesions have been reported to do poorly on this task. Subjects' ventricular size and neuropsychological test findings were not significantly correlated, however, and the researchers suggest that significant co-morbidity within the patient sample led to unexpected results.In fact, the patient sample had been selected on the basis of its extraordinary psychiatric symptomatology: â€Å"It is possible that (the OCD subjects) are atypical in that adult patients commonly report being able to conceal their symptoms after clear onset in childhood† (Behar, Rapoport and Berg, et al. , 1984, p. 365). The results of the Behar study are also inconsistent with those of Insel and associates (1983), who report neither ventricular enlargement on CT brain imaging nor significant neuropsychological deficits on the Halstead-Reitan battery of neuropsychological tests in 18 adult OCD sufferers.Confirmation for ventricular enlargement is likewise not observed in the present majority of structural brain studies. Garber, Ananth, Chiu, and colleagues (1988) performed Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans on 32 patients meeting the DSM-III criteria for OCD in an investigation of the caudate and ventricular findings. Subjects were judged free of psychopathology other than OCD on the basis of psychiatric testing and evaluation, and severity of OCD symptoms was rated at the time of MRI by means of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.MRI creates highly detailed anatomical images using radiofrequency resonance signals elicited from the hydrogen atoms of tissue under study. The technique produces structural images which are in many respects (eg. , spatial resolution) quite superior to those provided by CT (Garber et al. , 1988). Further, a technical routine known as â€Å"spin-lattice relaxation time† (or Tl), in which a summary measurement of the time required for protons excited within host molecules to relax to baseline is taken as a direct measurement of the mobility of water protons in membranes and fluids.In the study with OCD patients, Behar and colleagues discovered significantly lengthier corrected Tl values for clinical subjects relative to controls in the lenticular nuclei and the right frontal lobes white matter. Because of the high degree of heterogeneity in both samples, subgroups within the clinical sample were developed on the basis of family history and medication status and analyzed against one another. No between group differences were noted based on medication status.Patients with family histories of OCD differed from those with no such histories in the anterior cingulum, showing significantly briefer Tl values. No gross structural differenc es were specific to the OCD group. Garber and colleagues (1988) ascribe the altered Tl include to subtle atrophy in the right frontal cortex or diminished blood flow to this region, corresponding to a decline in frontal cortical metabolism. Involvement is also suggested on the parts of the cingulate gyms and lenticular nuclei.These areas are components of frontal-limbic pathways that may mediate the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder; surgical alteration of the relationships among structures within these pathways have produced symptomatic improvements. Moreover, the authors propose that hereditary influences on the illness may be most directly expressed in the cingulate region. The implication of the frontal lobes and cingulate gyms in OCD suggests abnormalities in cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuits.Robinson, Wu, and Munne et al. (1995) used MRI in a structural volumetric analysis of selected brain regions within or adjacent to these circuits in 26 patients with OCD (DSM-VI-R criteria). While subjects were screened for a number of exclusionary criteria, co-morbidity with depression was not among these. Twenty-six screened normal control subjects were matched to the OCD patients. In results which directly contradict those of Scarone, Colombo, and Ambruzzese, et al.(1992), in which right caudate nucleus size was found by MRI to be increased in patients with OCD, Robinson and colleagues report a significantly diminished morphometic volume for the caudate nuclei bilaterally. These findings are consistent with those of Luxenberg et al. (1988), described above, in which morphometric analysis by CT indicated significantly reduced caudate nucleus volume in patients with OCD. Study by Alyward, Schwartz, and Machlin et al. (1991) report no statistically significant differences between OCD and normal subjects on MRI studies of caudate volume.Their report demonstrates a direct correlation in patients with OCD between the putamen volume and the Global Seve rity of psychopathology score developed by the National Institute of Mental Health as well as between the caudate volume and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score, but found no correlations with the Y-BOCS total score or with the obsessions or compulsions subscore on this instrument. Curiously, however, division of the patients with OCD into subgroups based on a history of depression did not demonstrate a significant difference.Imaging measures were similar between subjects with and without medication histories. There was no evidence of ventricular enlargement in patients with OCD. As a group, studies of brain morphology and structure have returned substantially inconsistent findings in OCD; particularly differing are reports on the caudate nucleus and striatal region. Different study methods and small sample sizes may account partially for these discrepant findings and represent problems which must ultimately be overcome before a valid consensus can be reached.The significant prevalence of OCD symptomatology within neurologic populations and its high co-morbidity with depression contribute to the potential for heterogeneity in OCD samples (Pauls, 1995). The Alyward finding of increased caudate volume in OCD subjects with higher depression scale scores, but not among OCD subjects at large, not only reveals the heterogeneity of the disorder but illustrates the necessity of rigorously defining sample parameters before meaningful comparison and replication may be undertaken.Such rigor has not yet been sufficiently applied in structural imaging studies. Notwithstanding these issues, the question of a chronic degenerative process with resultant caudate diminution over time is suggested by certain of the data, in particular light of the fact that most of the OCD patients studied by the Robinson and Luxenberg groups were longtime sufferers. Longitudinal follow-up studies would be needed to determine whether caudate volume changes in OCD are progressive.Additiona lly, because structural brain imaging modalities are sensitive only to pathology which has resulted in physical change in tissue, they omit consideration of metabolic or functional change. The following section offers a discussion of imaging findings based on functional processes of the brain; modalities of this type substantially enlarge the data available from structural imaging alone. Functional brain imaging studiesFunctional brain imaging refers collectively to that set of techniques used to derive images reflecting biochemical, physiologic, or electrical properties of the central nervous system (Devous, 1995). The most developed of these techniques have in common the registration of such data in digitized maps which thus represent visually to the diagnostician or researcher the relative metabolic activations among brain structures of interest (provided that the dimensions of these lay within the spatial resolution capability of the particular technique).The maps can typically be rendered in any standard anatomical plane for the sake of further clarifying these metabolic relationships. Positron Emission Tomography (PET), so named for the species of radioactive decay on which it depends, and the more economical and widely available modality of Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) each registers in a digitized functional map relative regional metabolic activations for any given brain state (eg. , under challenge, during active symptomatology, at rest, and so forth).SPECT maps the distribution of a radioactively labeled pharmaceutical administered intravenously administered to a subject and typically designed to integrate itself into brain blood flow processes in a manner correspondent to the relative activations of the latter (Devous, 1995). The emission of gamma radiation from the agent after it has been allowed to incorporate itself into brain tissue enables the subsequent mapping of blood perfusion densities across cortical regions with the use of SPECT imaging hardware.Blood flow and metabolism are tightly coupled within the brain under most normal and pathologic circumstances, and therefore inferences about neurometabolism are accurately informed by measures of relative blood flow (Devous, 1995). One of the more popular radiopharmaceuticals for such blood flow mapping is referred to generically as â€Å"HMPAO,† an acronym for the chemical structure of the agent. Bound to this chemical structure is the radioactive element Technetium-99m, which is favored as an imaging isotope because of its half-life and energy characteristics (Devous, 1995).Two facts of brain function are pertinent to any review of imaging studies in this area. The first of these requires the reader to keep in mind that an activated cortical region may be inhibitory or excitatory. In the basal ganglia system, for example, excitatory and inhibitory input sf contribute mutually to a functionally balanced neural tone. The second fact is closely related: A system which lies efferent to the hypermetabolic one will correspond to the nature of this input: Inhibitory or excitatory.Notwithstanding the complexities connected to image interpretation, the functional modalities have permitted the development of a more conclusive body of evidence regarding brain function in OCD than has been the case with structural imaging modalities. A consensus has emerged around increased activity in the right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Less agreement exists with respect to the role of the striatum and associated basal gangliar structures. Rubin, Villanueva-Meyer, and Ananth et al.(1995) studied ten adult male patients with OCD and ten age-matched adult male normal controls using SPECT Patients with OCD had significantly increased uptake of the metabolic tracer radionuclide in the high dorsal parietal cortex bilaterally, in the left posterofrontal cortex, and in the orbital frontal cortex bilaterally The patients also had significantly reduced t racer uptake in the head of the caudate nucleus bilaterally, but not in the putamen or thalamus, consistent with the hypothesized reduction of caudate nucleus activity in OCD. Baxter, Schwartz, Maziotta et al.(1992) reports findings which conflict with those of Rubin and co-workers on the activation of the caudate nuclei. In the Baxter study, ten non-depressed OCD patients were compared with ten age- and gender-matched normals using PET scans. Subjects were screened for current co-morbidity with major depression, bipolar disorder, cyclothymic disorder and dysthymia. All but two subjects had suffered from depressive disorders in the past. Comparison of the scans indicated that patients with OCD had significantly higher overall glucose metabolic rate values than normal controls.Orbital gyri were significantly higher in metabolic activation bilaterally, as were the bilateral heads of the caudate nuclei. As described, Rubin et al. (1995) report diminished metabolic activity in the head of the caudate nuclei bilaterally. Machlin, Harris, and Pearlson, el al. (1991) found elevated blood flow in the prefrontal cortex and cingulate (termed the medial-frontal region) in ten OCD patients studied with SPECT relative to a matched sample of eight normals.Several other well-conceived functional imaging studies implicate the structures of both the Papez circuit and Modell's hypothesized fronto-striatal-pallido-thalamic-frontal loop. Swedo et al. (1989) compared 18 OCD patients and 18 normals using PET, and while no whole-brain glucose metabolic differences were found between groups, the left orbitofrontal, right sensorimotor, and bilateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions were notably higher in adults with childhood-onset OCD. Within this group, a positive correlation emerged between glucose uptake in the prefrontal and orbitofrontal regions and state measures of anxiety.In addition, responders to treatment with clomipramine were distinguishable from non-responders on the basis of regional changes in the right cingulate and right orbitofrontal regions, with response failures evincing significantly higher pre-therapy activations. Baxter et al. (1992), in a series of studies with a total of 24 adult patients with OCD, found increased FDG uptake in the cerebral hemispheres overall, and in the orbital gyri and caudate nuclei in the OCD group as compared to normal controls.Rubin, et al (1995) used SPECT imaging and found elevated uptake in the dorsal parietal cortex bilaterally, the left posterofrontal cortex and the OFC bilaterally. The group also found decreased uptake in the heads of the caudate nuclei bilaterally. Two paired comparisons have been made of OCD subjects before and after symptom aggravation. Rauch et al. (1994) used oxygen-15 labeled carbon dioxide PET to study individually tailored provocative stimuli in order to provoke symptoms in eight patients with OCD.Paired comparisons pre- and post-challenge yielded an increase in regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF) in the right caudate nucleus, left anterior cingulate cortex, and also bilaterally in the OFC subsequent to challenge. McGuire et al. (1992) studied four OCD patients during actual exposure to contaminants in a pattern tailored individually to produce successively greater degrees of anxiety. rCBF was found to increase in the OFC, neostriatum. globus pallidus, and thalamus in relation to the urge to perform compulsive movements.These two paired comparisons of patients pre- and post-challenge provide a unique opportunity to examine differences between a resting and an obsessional state in the same patient during a brief period. Further, such an examination sheds light on the manner in which inconsistencies among functional imaging studies may be due to variations in the mental state of obsessional patients at the time of the imaging studies. While the architecture of the anxiety challenge varies considerably between the Rauch and McGuire protocols, it remain s nonetheless somewhat disappointing that more consistent findings are not elicited in the paired comparisons.In these studies, as in the literature more generally, substantial disagreement exists on the response of the cingulate cortex and caudate nuclei. It is noteworthy, however, that the two paired challenge studies concur with respect to the hyperactivated state of the OFC. It is on the issue of striatal, specifically caudate, activation and morphology that most disagreement exists across both the structural and functional brain imaging studies. It is possible to speculate on the cause of this inconsistency: Caudate metabolism may be a state, rather than a trait, marker in OCD.It may also be that pathology in this region is progressive: Subjects with damaged striatal mechanisms may, for instance, manifest a hypermetabolic condition in the region for some lengthy period before an atrophic process ultimately begins and results in the opposite finding, hypometabolism and volumetri c diminution over a period of time. Uniformity across subject samples in terms both of length and history of illness and co-morbidity with other pathology is therefore essential to further investigation of this region in OCD. ConclusionThe two categories of imaging study at times assume roles along a continuum of pathological severity or etiology. For example, a degenerative change in tissue density or overall size and shape may have developed only after a lengthy period of metabolic dysregulation. An imaging technique sensitive only to morphology would pick up such pathology only at a relatively late stage in its development. Early changes, those occurring at the metabolic level, would be visualized only by means of a functional imaging technique. On the issue of orbital and frontal activation there exists substantial agreement.Although a great deal of data implicates these structures, it is not yet possible to demonstrate which specific obsessive-compulsive symptoms are related to the observed abnormalities in these neuroanatomic regions or what specific role the region plays in the neuropsychology of the illness. References Alyward E. H, Schwartz J, Machlin S, Pearison G. D. (1991). Bicaudate ratio as a measure of caudate volume on MR images. American Journal ofNeuroradiology, 12, 1217-1222. Baxter L. R. , Schwartz J. M. , Bergman K. S. , Szuba M. P. , Guze B. H. , Mazziotta J C , Alazraki A, Selin C. E. , Phelps ME (1992).Caudate glucose metabolic rate changes with both drug and behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 681-689. Behar D, Rapoport J. L. , Berg C. J. , Denckla MB, Mann L, Cox C , Fedio P. , Zahn T, Wolfman M. G (1984). Computerized tomography and neuropsychological test measures in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 363-368. Devous M. D. , (1995). Instrumentation, radiopharmaceuticals, and technical factors. In: Van Heertum R. L. , Tikoftky R. S. (eds. ) Cerebral SPECTImaging. New York, NY: Raven Press, Ltd.1995. Garber H. J. , Weilburg J. B. , Buonanno F. S. (1988). Use of magnetic resonance imaging in psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 164-171. Insel T. R. , Donnelly E. F. , Lalakea ML, Alterman IS, Murphy D. L (1983). Neuropsychological studies of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 18, 741-751. Luxenberg J. S. , Swedo S. E. , Flament M. F. , Friedland R. P. , Rapoport JR. , Rapoport S. I. (1988). Neuroanatomical abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder detected with quantitative X-ray computed tomography. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 1089-1093.Machlin S. R. , Harris G. J. , Pearlson CD. , Hoehn-Sanc R, Jeffery P. , Camargo E. E. (1991). Elevated medial-frontal cerebral blood flow in obsessive-compulsive patients: ASPECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1240-1242. McGuire P. K. , Bench C. J. , Frith CD, Marks I. M. , Frackowiak R. S. J. , Dolan R. J. ( 1994). Functional anatomy of obsessive compulsive phenomena. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 459-468. McKeon J. , McGuffin P. , Robinson P. (1984). Obsessive-compulsive neurosis following head injury: A Report of four cases. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 190-192.Pauls D. L. , Alsobrook J. P. , Goodman W, Rasmussen S. , Leckman J. F. (1995). A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 76-84. Rauch S. L. , Jenicke MA, Alpert N. M. , Baer L, Breiter H. C. , Savage C. R. , Fischman A. J. (1994). Regional cerebral blood flow measured during symptom provocation in obsessive compulsive disorder using oxygen-15-labeled carbon dioxide and positron emission tomography. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 62-70. Robinson D. , Wu H. , Munne R. A. , Ashtari M. , Alvir J. M. J. , Lemer G. , Koreen A. , Cole K, Bogerts B.(1995). Reduced caudate nucleus volume in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 393-398. Rubin R. T. , Ananth J, Vilianueva-Meyer J. , Trajmar PC, Mena I. (1995). Regional Xenon-133 cerebral blood flow and cerebral Tc-99m-HMPAO uptake in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder before and during treatment. Biological Psychiatry, 38, 429-437. Scarone S. , Colombo C, Ambruzzese L. S. , Ronchi P. , Locatelli M , Smeraldi S. G. , ScottiG. (1992). Increased right caudate nucleus size in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Detection with magnetic resonance imaging.Psychiatry and Research Neuroimaging, 45, 115-121. Seibyl, J. P. , Krystal J. H. , Goodman W. K. (1989). Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a patient with a right frontal lobe lesion: Response to lithium augmentation of trancypromine. Neuropsychiatry. Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology, 1, 295-299. Swedo S. E. , Rapoport J. L. , Cheslow D. L. , Leonard H. L. , Ayoub E. M. , Hosier D. M. , Wald E. R. (1989). High prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with Sydenham's chorea. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 246-249.

Relationships between critical thinking and ethics Essay

Critical thinking plays a huge role in ethics. Critical thinking is a clear and rational, open minded and informed. Ethics is moral principles that govern a person or group behavior and rule of conduct. Critical thinking is a form of fiction and identifying the unknown. Critical thinking develops a mental process of evaluation which helps to determine their ethical standards. By incorporating the critical thinking process into their mindset it enables them more effectively to make a decision based upon truths and verified information rather than unknown. There are steps to take in regards to thinking critically, and they should follow as listed in order to make a rational decision; step one; (knowledge) being able to identify what is being said. Step two (comprehension) understanding the material, you make the knowledge that you acquired your own by relating it to what you already know. The better involve, the better you comprehend. Step three. (Apply) Know what you have read, heard, seen and comprehend it and carry out some task to apply what you comprehend to an actual situation. Step four (analysis) breakdown what you read, heard and seen into components in order to make clear. Step five (synthesis) the ability to put together the part you have analyzed with other information to create something original. Step six (evaluation) occurs once you have understood and analyzed what is said or written, and the reason offered to support it. The completion of these steps will ensure you are making the best decision in any situation including ethical decision. (Ethical lens inventory) Ethical lens inventory found my ethical lens to be none periscope or paralysis. Seeing the gifts and weakness of each lens and being able to move fluidly among them to adapt the right tool in each situation. Assuring the best outcome, reasoning skills (rational) are used to determine duties (autonomy) as well as universal rules and systems that will assure fairness and justice for everyone (equality) listen to my intuition. When it comes to my blind spot, I have none. Mature expression of this position has no blind spot, and make it possible for me to see both strength and the weakness of each lens and to harmonize the four core values of autonomy, equality, rationality and sensibility. (Jeffery, 2012, para nature of accounting professional expertise)

Free Essays on Guitars

Guitars Guitars Jimmy Hendrix, Eddie VanHalen, B. B. King, Angus Young, Brian "Head" Welch, Fletcher Dragge. What do all of these people have in common? They are all guitar heroes in they're own styles of music. However, because of the different styles of music they play, each guitarist mentioned above uses a different style of guitar. The guitars different body styles and shape help mold the perfect sound for the style you play. From sweet and warm, to loud and thrashing, the guitar is one of the most versatile instruments and can be used for any style of music. Most styles of music (and the legends who made that style famous) have a specific guitar that embodies each genres sound. Jimmy Hendrix, a virtuoso of the 60' era, played a Fender Stratocaster. Eddie VanHalen, know for his innovative "tapping" style solos, Plays a custom peavey guitar called a Wolfgang. B. B. King, a blues guitar legend, plays a signature model Gibson Hollow body. Angus young, lead guitarist for AC/DC, plays a solid body Gibson SG. Head, one of two guitar players for the band Korn, plays an Ibanez 7-string model. Fletcher Dragge, a pioneer in the field of punk, plays a standard series RG Ibanez. To those who don't play guitar these names may be unfamiliar, but to those who play, these guitars cover most of the different sounds you can get out of a guitar. One way a guitar sounds different than other models is the way it is built. Depending on what kind of wood is used the sound can completely change. Some examples of woods used for guitars are ash, pine, sandalwood, rosewood, and maple. The more dense the wood is, the longer the sustain it has (sustain is a term for how long the sound will carry from one attack). Also, the lighter the wood, the brighter tone it has. The wood used for the fret board is also important. Usually it is made of maple or rosewood. Each of these woods has a different feel to it (it is more of a preference for one or the other as op... Free Essays on Guitars Free Essays on Guitars Guitars Guitars Jimmy Hendrix, Eddie VanHalen, B. B. King, Angus Young, Brian "Head" Welch, Fletcher Dragge. What do all of these people have in common? They are all guitar heroes in they're own styles of music. However, because of the different styles of music they play, each guitarist mentioned above uses a different style of guitar. The guitars different body styles and shape help mold the perfect sound for the style you play. From sweet and warm, to loud and thrashing, the guitar is one of the most versatile instruments and can be used for any style of music. Most styles of music (and the legends who made that style famous) have a specific guitar that embodies each genres sound. Jimmy Hendrix, a virtuoso of the 60' era, played a Fender Stratocaster. Eddie VanHalen, know for his innovative "tapping" style solos, Plays a custom peavey guitar called a Wolfgang. B. B. King, a blues guitar legend, plays a signature model Gibson Hollow body. Angus young, lead guitarist for AC/DC, plays a solid body Gibson SG. Head, one of two guitar players for the band Korn, plays an Ibanez 7-string model. Fletcher Dragge, a pioneer in the field of punk, plays a standard series RG Ibanez. To those who don't play guitar these names may be unfamiliar, but to those who play, these guitars cover most of the different sounds you can get out of a guitar. One way a guitar sounds different than other models is the way it is built. Depending on what kind of wood is used the sound can completely change. Some examples of woods used for guitars are ash, pine, sandalwood, rosewood, and maple. The more dense the wood is, the longer the sustain it has (sustain is a term for how long the sound will carry from one attack). Also, the lighter the wood, the brighter tone it has. The wood used for the fret board is also important. Usually it is made of maple or rosewood. Each of these woods has a different feel to it (it is more of a preference for one or the other as op... Free Essays on Guitars Guitars Guitars Jimmy Hendrix, Eddie VanHalen, B. B. King, Angus Young, Brian "Head" Welch, Fletcher Dragge. What do all of these people have in common? They are all guitar heroes in they're own styles of music. However, because of the different styles of music they play, each guitarist mentioned above uses a different style of guitar. The guitars different body styles and shape help mold the perfect sound for the style you play. From sweet and warm, to loud and thrashing, the guitar is one of the most versatile instruments and can be used for any style of music. Most styles of music (and the legends who made that style famous) have a specific guitar that embodies each genres sound. Jimmy Hendrix, a virtuoso of the 60' era, played a Fender Stratocaster. Eddie VanHalen, know for his innovative "tapping" style solos, Plays a custom peavey guitar called a Wolfgang. B. B. King, a blues guitar legend, plays a signature model Gibson Hollow body. Angus young, lead guitarist for AC/DC, plays a solid body Gibson SG. Head, one of two guitar players for the band Korn, plays an Ibanez 7-string model. Fletcher Dragge, a pioneer in the field of punk, plays a standard series RG Ibanez. To those who don't play guitar these names may be unfamiliar, but to those who play, these guitars cover most of the different sounds you can get out of a guitar. One way a guitar sounds different than other models is the way it is built. Depending on what kind of wood is used the sound can completely change. Some examples of woods used for guitars are ash, pine, sandalwood, rosewood, and maple. The more dense the wood is, the longer the sustain it has (sustain is a term for how long the sound will carry from one attack). Also, the lighter the wood, the brighter tone it has. The wood used for the fret board is also important. Usually it is made of maple or rosewood. Each of these woods has a different feel to it (it is more of a preference for one or the other as op...

Anticancer Efficacy of Curcumin Analysis

Anticancer Efficacy of Curcumin Analysis Nuclear factor-ÃŽ ºB (NF-ÃŽ ºB) is a transcription factor that is essential in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. 1 It influences a diverse target of gene expressions that regulate apoptosis, facilitate cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. 1,2 Before cell stimulation, NF-ÃŽ ºB dimers that are located in the cytoplasm are inactive. 3 Prior to activation, NF-ÃŽ ºB dimers consisting of RelA, c-REL, and p50 are held in the cytoplasm by inhibitory ÃŽ ºB (IÃŽ ºB) proteins. 3,8 The IÃŽ ºB kinase (IKK) complex is activated by various extracellular signals such as proinflammatory cytokines and viral infections. 3,4 This IKK complex phosphorylates two conserved serine residues and targets NF-ÃŽ ºB-bound IÃŽ ºBs, which results in ubiquitin-mediated dissociation of IÃŽ ºB from NF-ÃŽ ºB, thus leading to translocation of activated NF-ÃŽ ºB into the nucleus. 2,7 The activation of NF-ÃŽ ºB promotes tumor invasion, metastasis, and allows malignant cells to escap e apoptosis. Consequently, many chemotherapeutic drugs have been found to activate NF-ÃŽ ºB, thus contributing to chemoresistance and chemotherapy failure. 3 Increasing evidence suggests that, the inhibition of NF-ÃŽ ºB activation can reduce chemoresistance and improve the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents. 3 Among the compounds that have been reported, curcumin was found to inhibit the activation of NF-ÃŽ ºB and thus, induce apoptosis in tumor cells. 6 Unfortunately, its clinical applications remains limited due to its poor bioavailability and low potency 6 , these prompted researchers to chemically modify curcumin in order to increase its potency against NF-ÃŽ ºB and cancerous cells. 8 In this issue, Qui et al . 8 reports progress in the synthesis and identification of new 4-arylidene curcumin analogues as a potential chemotherapeutic agent. Different kinds of 4-arylidene curcumin analogues were synthesized by coupling 1, 3-diketones curcumin analogues with various aro matic aldehydes in toluene with acetic acid, using piperidine as a catalyst (figure 1). The chemotherapeutic activities of the synthesized compounds were tested on the growth of A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells with curcumin used as control. The authors reported that majority of the 4-arylidene curcumin analogues exhibited potent anticancer activities against A549 growth with GI 50 in the range of 0.23 – 0.93 ÃŽ ¼M, while very poor antiproliferation activities of curcumin was observed at 15.23 ÃŽ ¼M. This shows a 10- to 60-fold increase in the potency of 4-arylidene curcumin analogues over the parent compound, curcumin. Remarkably, the cytotoxic activities of these newly designed curcumin analogues were not limited to A549 cells. The growth of other carcinoma cells H1944, squamous cells H157, and large carcinoma cells H460, were effectively inhibited by selected 4-acrylidene curcumin analogues, with GI 50 values at micromolar concentrations low to 0.07 ÃŽ ¼M. Likewise, in a r elated study, Zambre et al. 9 reported that copper(II) conjugates of Knoevenagel condensates of curcumin analogue showed inhibitory activities against human leukemic KBM-5 cells. Taken together, these two forms of curcumin analogues offer new possibilities at both ends as potential anticancer agents. One of the key curcumin targets that is important for the survival of cancer is IÃŽ ºB kinase (IKK), which regulates NF-ÃŽ ºB activation. 6 Activated NF-ÃŽ ºB is situated in the nucleus to promote transcription that is triggered by tumor-necrosis factor (TNFÃŽ ±). 1,5 Thus, Qiu et al. 8 used nuclear translocation of NF-ÃŽ ºB in response to TNFÃŽ ± as the main indicator to examine the mode of action of curcumin in comparison to 4-arylidene curcumin analogue. A549 cells were treated in a 384-well plate format with curcumin and its new analogue respectively, before the addition of TNFÃŽ ± to trigger nuclear translocation of NF-ÃŽ ºB p65 subunit. As a result, curcumin inhibited TNFÃŽ ± -induced nuclear translocation of NF-ÃŽ ºB with a mean IC 50 of 9.5 ÃŽ ¼M, which is consistent with the work of Kasinski et al . 4 Interestingly, most of the synthesized 4-arylidene curcumin analogue showed improved inhibitory activities against NF-ÃŽ ºB translocation with mean IC 50 values in the range of 1.0 – 4.9 ÃŽ ¼ÃŽÅ". This finding proved the superiority of the newly designed curcumin analogue over curcumin in blocking nuclear translocation of NF-ÃŽ ºB. Consequently, in a related paper, Zambre et al. 9 developed novel curcumin analogues that were synthesized using Knoevenagel condensation to convert enolic diketones of curcumin into non-enolizable ones. The synthesized compounds were examined for their potential in blocking TNFÃŽ ±-induced NF-ÃŽ ºB activation. It was reported that copper(II) conjugates of Knoevenagel condensates of curcumin showed greater potentials in blocking TNFÃŽ ±-induced NF-ÃŽ ºB activation than curcumin, confirming the potency superiority of curcumin analogues over the parental curcumin.

What is the effect of attending a private university versus a public Research Proposal

What is the effect of attending a private university versus a public university in regards to employability following graduation - Research Proposal Example This will be in terms of the benefits they will reap from enrolling in either of the two types of Universities. The citation style that I have used in writing report is the APA style. I chose to use this style because it enables me to provide clear evidence on the research carried out. In other words, it enables me to justify my work through previously published statements. I would like to acknowledge the alumni groups for both Universities that helped me collect the information that this report was based on, the principals for the companies that participated in providing information for the report (names have been kept anonymous), and the alumni themselves for volunteering information through questionnaires or personal interviews that aided in producing this report (names have been kept anonymous). The report on the graduate students leaving the two different universities provides an analysis for their trends on employability after graduating for the last five years. The students analyzed are from the University of North Florida, a public University and Jacksonville University, a private University. These universities have had high rates of students gaining employment in the country within the public along with the private sectors. The trends on employability is influenced by several factors: employers’ preference for the students from either type of university and the demand for university degrees in the employment field among others. The report reveals that both institutions provide large amounts of labor to employers within both sectors of the economy. The report recommends that the government should ensure that all students get equal opportunities in education and employment by ensuring both are accessible and affordable to everyone. It also urges employers to employ students based on their competencies and educational levels.